Loss of Consciousness from Brain Injury Versus Amnesia Essays -- Biolo

Loss of Consciousness from Brain Injury Versus Amnesia Brain injuries have been traditionally classified as mild, moderate and severe based upon the duration of loss of consciousness and memory. More recently these classifications have been reconsidered based upon the length and severity of amnesia (4).. How can you measure loss of consciousness and memory? How does the length of amnesia better predict the severity of a brain injury versus the traditional method of classifying brain injury based upon the length of loss consciousness? Head trauma is by far the most common cause of amnesia, but the condition often goes unrecognized as patients more serious medical problems become the foremost concern (3).. Traumatic amnesia is brain damage caused by a severe non-penetrative blow to the head, such as in a road accident. It can lead to anything from a loss of consciousness for a few seconds to coma. During post-traumatic amnesia, a patient usually fails to remember not only the accident, but also all information learned for several years bef ore the brain injury. A severe blow to the head is likely to cause loss of consciousness lasting seconds up to months. This state of puzzlement and confusion can pass with time for many cases (1).. A brain is exposed to injury as a result of external forces, which are directed to the head. Those forces can include a blow to the head, the head hitting something, and a rapid acceleration/deceleration movement, such as whiplash (2).The extent of brain injury can be classified as either a state resulting in coma or not. This distinction is used not because the ultimate outcomes are necessarily different, but because coma resulting in a head injury can evoke "the vigil between life and death."... ...for everyone (1,2). WWW Sources 1)Anatomy of a Head Injury, Description http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~cahr/headfall.html 2)Welcome to the Brain.com, http://www.brain.com/brain/ 3) Traumatic Brain Injury , http://courses.smsu.edu/jas188f/316/TBI.htm 4) Loss of Consciousness http://subtlebraininjury.com/noloc.html 5)What is Amnesia?, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web1/www.psy.ohio-state.edu/psy312/amnesia2.html 6) Story about Amnesia , http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/englsih/health/medicalnotes/newsid167000/167771.stm 7) Amnesia , http://www.u.arizona.edu/~pdavidso/amcog.html 8) Children with amnesia cast new light on memory and learning?, http://www.psy.ohio-state.edu/psy312/amnesia2.htmlhttp://expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970720/20150363.html 9) About Traumatic Brain Injury, http://www.tbidoc.com/Appel12.html

Ethanol Fuel

Ethanol fuel  is  ethanol  (ethyl alcohol). Ethanol, also called  ethyl alcohol,  pure alcohol,  grain alcohol, or  drinking alcohol, is a  volatile,  flammable, colorless liquid. A  psychoactive drug  and one of the oldestrecreational drugs  known, ethyl alcohol produces a state known as  alcohol intoxication  when consumed. Best known as the type of  alcohol  found in  alcoholic beverages, it is also used in  thermometers, as a  solvent, and as a  fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as  alcohol  or  spirits. he same type of  alcohol  found in  alcoholic beverages. It is most often used as a  motor fuel, mainly as a  biofuel  additive for  gasoline. World ethanol production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 billion to more than 52 billion litres. From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global gasoline type fuel use increased from 3. 7% to 5. 4%. In 2011 worldwide ethanol fuel prod uction reached 22. 36 billion  U. S. liquid gallons  (bg) (84. 6 billion liters), with the United States as the top producer with 13. bg (52. 6 billion liters), accounting for 62. 2% of global production, followed by Brazil with 5. 6 bg (21. 1 billion liters). Ethanol fuel has a â€Å"gasoline gallon equivalency† (GGE) value of 1. 5 US gallons (5. 7  L), which means 1. 5 gallons of ethanol produce the energy of one gallon of gasoline. Ethanol fuel is widely used in  Brazil  and in the  United States, and together both countries were responsible for 87. 1% of the world's ethanol fuel production in 2011. Most cars on the road today in the U. S. an run on  blends of up to 10% ethanol, and ethanol represented 10% of the U. S. gasoline fuel supply in 2011. Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is around  25% ethanol and 75% gasoline  (E25). By December 2011 Brazil had a fleet of 14 . 8 million  flex-fuel automobiles and light trucksand 1. 5 million flex-fuelmotorcycles  that regularly use neat ethanol fuel (known as  E100). Bioethanol is a form of  renewable energy  that can be produced from agriculturalfeedstocks.It can be made from very common  crops  such as  sugar cane,  potato,  maniocand  corn. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol will be in replacing gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate to  increased food pricesdue to the large amount of arable land required for crops,  as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn. Recent developments with  cellulosic ethanol production and commercialization  may allay some of these concerns.

Sanctions And Free Trade Sanctions - 1459 Words

Trade sanctions are often associated with a retaliatory action in a trade dispute. Earlier, we looked at the case involving the US and the EU. The WTO had authorized the US to impose sanctions against the EU’s resulting from its ban on hormone beef imports from the US. The WTO is the body set up to promote free trade, and thus, it is strange to see the WTO supporting trade sanctions. However, in this particular case, the WTO judged the best action to be trade sanctions. Then, along with the negative impacts, sanctions can offer positive impacts on trade if applied with the proper and justifiable intention. David Baldwin, a professor of World Order Studies, argues that an economic sanction and free can be compatible. At first glance, this†¦show more content†¦The threatened sanctions and consequences outlined by these bills offer protection for companies to conduct business under the hospice of free trade. The WTO does recognize that sanctions have a role to play if states are found to be in violation of the rules of the liberal trading system. Proponents of BDS have argued that they have a right to choose with whom to do business, and therefore are not obligated to do business with any particular company. However, opponents of the movement, especially those who support the anti-BDS bills would argue that the BDS movement is more than an expression of this freedom. The voice of the movement has a real effect on trade and therefore is much more than speech. The anti-BDS bills, even though politically motivated, are to counter what is considered to be actions contrary to trade. Therefore, any potential economic sanction would be to counter the infringements on the liberal trade system, and thus, has the potential of being endorsed by WTO. Baldwin continues by arguing that one of the most longstanding exceptions to the doctrine of free trade concerns national security. He argues that free trade advocates, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill, approved the Navigation Acts, which restricted trade on national security grounds (Baldwin). Richard Cobden, a