Extraterritoriality and Extraterritorial Rights

Extraterritoriality, also known as extraterritorial rights, is an exemption from local laws. That means that an individual with extraterritoriality who commits a crime in a particular country cannot be tried by the authorities of that country, although often she or he will still be subject to trial in his or her own country. Historically, the imperial powers often forced weaker states to grant extraterritorial rights to their citizens who were not diplomats — including soldiers, traders, Christian missionaries, and the like. This was most famously the case in East Asia during the nineteenth century, where China and Japan were not formally colonized but were subjugated to an extent by the western powers. However, now these rights are most commonly granted to visiting foreign officials and even landmarks and plots of land dedicated to foreign agencies such as dual-nationality war cemeteries and memorials to famous foreign dignitaries. Who Had These Rights? In China, the citizens of Great Britain, the United States, France and later Japan had extraterritoriality under the unequal treaties. Great Britain was the first to impose such a treaty on China, in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking that ended the First Opium War. In 1858, after Commodore Matthew Perrys fleet forced Japan to open several ports to ships from  the United States, western powers rushed to established most favored nation status with Japan, which included extraterritoriality. In addition to Americans, citizens of Britain, France, Russia, and the Netherlands enjoyed extraterritorial rights in Japan after 1858. However, Japans government learned quickly how to wield power in this newly internationalized world. By 1899, after the Meiji Restoration, it had renegotiated its treaties with all of the western powers ​and ended extraterritoriality for foreigners on Japanese soil. In addition, Japan and China granted each others citizens extraterritorial rights, but when Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Chinese citizens lost those rights while Japans extraterritoriality was expanded under the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Extraterritoriality Today The Second World War effectively ended the unequal treaties. After 1945, the imperial world order crumbled and extraterritoriality fell into disuse outside of diplomatic circles. Today, ambassadors and their staffs, United Nations officials and offices, and ships that are sailing in international waters are among the people or spaces that may enjoy extraterritoriality. In modern times, contrary to the tradition, nations may extend these rights to allies who are visiting and often are employed during military troop ground movement through friendly territory. Interestingly, funeral services and memorials often are granted extraterritorial rights for the nation the monument, park or structure honors as is the case with the John F. Kennedy memorial in England and dual-nation cemeteries like the Normandy American Cemetary in France.

The Cold War, Soviet Russia And The U.s. - 2500 Words

During the cold war, Soviet Russia and the U.S. disagreed on many matters, but found a common ground in appreciating technology and its instrumental value to the progress of society. Each nation glorified their contrasting examples of the ideal lifestyle, however their shared faith in technology was fulfilled in different forms. The Soviet Union had clearly attained their upper hand in the Space Race, achieving the launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite and Vostok 1 which brought the first human to outer space. The US government were also acutely aware of the vulnerability of their military forces as the Soviet Union were developing advanced nuclear weaponry with potential for mass destruction. Conscious of their technological inferiority in comparison, the U.S. sought after ways to demonstrate a technological competence and restore faith in an insecure nation. The family home was praised as the symbol of American prosperity but remodeled to convince a nation that they wer e just as knowledgeable and proficient in technology as the Soviet Union. These modifications had a radical influence in what was considered as ‘necessary’ technologies to the ideal American home but also materialized a direct confrontation with fears of a nuclear attack on American soil. In this sense, military technology did not have a direct or literal influence on the American home during the Cold War, rather that the consciousness that such technology existed had a profound influence onShow MoreRelatedSoviet Union And The Cold War1660 Words   |  7 Pageschallenge of the Cold War. Both the Soviet Union and I had 30,000 nuclear weapons that could destroy the entire earth and I had to maintain the peace† (â€Å"Jimmy Carter†). This statement has seemingly remained truthful from the point when Soviet Russia and America worked together to stem, and eventually end, the tide of Nazi Germany’s imperialistic overthrow of Europe. Since the end of World War II to the present day, relations between Russia and America have declined due to the Cold War, improved dueRead MorePresident Putin, Russia s Current President1465 Words   |  6 Pagespresident, may have made this accusation (Reuters). It is obvious because of this distrust from Russia that relations between the U.S. and Russia are beginning to deteriorate from previously â€Å"improved† standards. Although there were points where Russo-American political relations were lacking, there were also many other aspects of the relationship that saw improvement after the Cold War. In 1972, before the Cold War had officially ended, the first Moscow Summit was held, in which President Nixon met withRead MoreThe Cold War Was A Continuation Of Colonialism1293 Words   |  6 PagesFrom when World War II ended in 1945 to Soviet Union falling in 1991, the Cold War had a major influence in international affairs. It was a continuous competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. Arne Westad argues that â€Å"the Cold War was a continuation of colonialism through slightly different means† (Westad, 396). I believe this statement is a description of World War II’s colonialism ways transitioning onto another international conflict; the Cold War. The Cold War began as a disagreementRead MoreWorld War I Was A Global War1511 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction World War I was a global war between the Allies and the Central Powers. It was called the war to end all wars and it was immediately triggered after the assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914. 5 years later in 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed and ended WWI. The treaty blamed Germany for starting WWI and was wrongly punished for it. Germany retaliated and Adolf Hitler restored Germany s economy and became their dictator and started WWII in 1939 by invadingRead MoreWho Was to Blame for the Cold War? Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War? The blame for the Cold War cannot be placed on one person -- it developed as a series of chain reactions as a struggle for supremacy. It can be argued that the Cold War was inevitable, and therefore no ones fault, due to the differences in the capitalist and communist ideologies. It was only the need for self-preservation that had caused the two countries to sink their differences temporarily during the Second World War. Yet many of the tensions that existed in the Cold War canRead MoreCold War Influence in Latin America1616 Words   |  7 PagesCold War Influence in Latin America The United States and the Soviet Union competed against each other during the Cold War in the second half of the 20th Century like a chess game, with the world as their chessboard and countries as pawns in their game. For the Russians, a critical part of the chessboard was Cuba and Latin America. The Russians believed that if they could align themselves with countries in the western hemisphere, America’s â€Å"backyard†, it would help the Soviet Union counter the strongRead MoreSpying during the Cold War1002 Words   |  4 Pagesnamed Julius Rosenberg was led into a room containing an electric chair; he was strapped in and then executed. After his body was removed, his wife suffered the same fate. This marked the end of one of the biggest espionage cases from World War II and the Cold War. This fascinating and complex couple were double agents, who worked for both the American and Russian governments. During the mid 20th century, it was not uncommon for American and Br itish citizens to become enamored and sympathetic with communistRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesDuring World War II, the United States, Britain, and Russia all worked together to take down Hitler. Although after the war, the coordination between the U.S. and Russia became extremely tense which inevitably lead to the Cold War. The U.S. was worried that Russia would spread communism after World War II. Russia was concerned with the U.S. arms increase and intervention in international affairs. The distrust between the two nations resulted in the Cold war which lasted until 1991. In 1946, WinstonRead MoreIs The Cold War Really Over?1430 Words   |  6 PagesDanny Le Mr. Frey AP US Govt. 15 Nov. 2014 Is the Cold War Really Over? Many Americans have controversies whether the Cold War is over or not. The Cold War era began with ideological battles in the West and East. Political tensions and events are growing in the current conflicts in the Middle East and varied countries. The term â€Å"cold war† has rose again as new conflicts emerged from the Cold War era. After the prolong conflict between the West and East, the two sides continued their movement toRead MoreEssay about The Bolshevik Revolution850 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bolshevik Revolution The Bolshevik Revolution started many changes in Russia. One of the most dramatic changes was the change of their form of government to communism. This was brought about by the murder of the Czar and his family by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks were sure to include the whole family in the murder because of the fear that someday one might comeback and reclaim power. So on July 17, 1918 Czar Nicholas II and his family were murdered. Although there were rumors about his

The Effects of Sexual Abuse Free Essays

The Effects of Sexual Abuse PSY/265 March 8, 2013 The Effects of Sexual Abuse When you talk about the short term and long term effects of sexual abuse, the list can be long with many variables. The variables can be anything from someone being raped by someone they do not know, which still has the same damaging effects but not to the extreme when the individual was raped by someone they know and had a relationship with. Another example of a variable that could affect short-term and long-term effects of sexual abuse would be the care that they received after the abuse happened. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Sexual Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now When an individual is able to get counseling and has a strong support system after going through something such as rape, it is suggested that somebody with this type of help after being raped is less likely to have long-term effects from a rape. Now on the other hand, if somebody does not have the support system in the counseling afterwards long-term effects are more likely to happen. When you talk about long-term effects are talking about weight gain, promiscuity, addictions, codependency, abuse, and no interest in sex. When you talk about the long-term effect weight gain are talking about somebody putting on weight in order to hide themselves said that they would feel in visible to others, making them feel undesirable. The long-term effect promiscuity is explained, as someone who has been raped by a family member, starts to feel that they are not worth anything unless they are having sex with somebody and feel that they cannot get love otherwise. When it comes to the long-term effect addiction, this can mean anything from having an addiction to food to hide with their failing to having an addiction to drugs and/or alcohol in order to numb the feelings that they currently are going in regards to the sexual abuse. The next long-term effects is codependency, this is explained as the victim having such a low self-esteem that they do not trust what they decide to do and need somebody to help make the decisions for them. References: Rathus, S. A. , Nevid, J. S. , Fichner-Rathus, L. (2011). Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity (8th ed. ). Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn Bacon. How to cite The Effects of Sexual Abuse, Essay examples

Arts and the natural sciences Essay Example For Students

Arts and the natural sciences Essay What are ethical judgments? Who decides whether it is ethical? Is it the society that outlines the differences? The real question however, arises when one questions if the society itself is moral ? Can the social norms and morality be judged by certain sections of the society? Do these sections of society affect our upbringing and define our moral outlook ? Does the society only outline the boundaries of morality or does it teach the coming generations about the moral judgments that they believe in? Who creates society? Aren’t we the society? What kind of methods are we referring to? Are we talking about an understanding or drilling information into our brains whether it is useful or not? Is production of knowledge the slow and gradual manners and facts that we imbibe through a lifetime, Or is it learning new knowledge, of a sort? But isn’t the knowledge that we imbibe new to us at that time? â€Å"How far is morality setting boundaries in the understanding of new knowledge and information?†Ã‚  For some, new knowledge can be learning something new, personally but does that actually mean it is true? According to Aristotle, the â€Å"production of new knowledge† is the â€Å"transmission† of â€Å"already existing knowledge by argument.† Does this mean that in our lives, we will never discover anything new? Because all the knowledge in the world already exists with various people? How far is morality setting boundaries in the understanding of new knowledge and information? Looking at the natural sciences and the arts as areas of knowledge, it is questionable whether it is morally correct for us to use and exhaust knowledge, talent and resources while we leave nothing for the coming generations. Or, are we so engrossed in setting the moral boundaries that we don’t see the advantages or the new knowledge that can be gained from it? Natural sciences, through reason, can see the benefits of this new found knowledge countering and questioning various different types of ethics whereas arts through the use of perception can be debatable. Do our emotions come in the way of setting the boundaries of ethical judgments that change our perception of art?  Would taking a dying form of art and reviving it in the society of the people who created it be ethically correct or incorrect? This, in one place, will give them employment, promote and package the product properly. And will alongside aid the local economy of the indigenous people. On the other hand, taking the art form that took these indigenous people centuries to refine and using it for the benefit of a company raises questions about their moral perspective towards the locals. Fabindia is a textile and Clothing Company founded by a French man named John Bissell in 1960, who took the traditional art of textiles of India used it to his advantage by promoting it and selling it to the people through aesthetics and marketing. According to the company’s official website the Fabindia philosophy is: â€Å"Fabindia was founded with the strong belief that there was a need for a vehicle for marketing the vast and diverse craft traditions of India and thereby help fulfill the need to provide and sustain employment.† As mentioned above, in the case of art, there can be different perceptions which can also be related to emotional responses. That being said every Indian citizen may differ between their perception of the company being morally acceptable or not. Isn’t it morally acceptable to promote a traditional dying art, which was once the trademark of the country for the benefit of the people? Ethically, the promotion is an ideal form of sustainable art and economy. The fact that this company has gone from a local company to one that has expanded into selling their products to over 33 countries, for someone to create a moral boundary towards the progression of the Indian economy and a promotion of India as a country it-self as some people would think, in its true sense, quite immoral. The local craftsmen would learn an ample amount of new techniques and knowledge, thus creating vast knowledge rather than limiting it, ethically. The moral outlook towards this would be to let these traditional craftsmen take this knowledge home and let them use it to come out with their own, contemporary ideas. .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e , .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .postImageUrl , .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e , .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e:hover , .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e:visited , .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e:active { border:0!important; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e:active , .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f4df088fa1217b95c577eeb35fd614e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Joyce and John Cheever were two influential writers of the late 1800's and early 1900's EssayDespite this, the proper questions related to the original art and the craftsmen still stands to an issue. The company, Fabindia may help the economy of the traditional craftsmen and give them enough knowledge on how to promote their jobs. But, is this traditional craft still theirs? The local people may learn a new technique to sustain themselves financially but are they being taught to use new methods of production by creating contemporary fusion of the traditional Indian and western styles? These craftsmen have now, because of the company, Fabindia, lost the identity of their ar t because it’s been branded under the name of Fabindia. These people are not obtaining any new knowledge but are exerting their own to provide for a company.

Great Gatsby Essays (714 words) - The Great Gatsby,

Great Gatsby Mr. Gordan, an esteemed English teacher, once said "Literature is Life". I had not been able to grasp the reality of those words until I read The Great Gatsby . After reading The Great Gatsby, I understand that literature is written through inspiration from our daily lives. In this novel, F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the themes of morality and life versus illusion. Through his excellent writing techniques, Fitzgerald reduces most of the characters of the novel as seemingly obsessed with material possessions, petty, and selfish. Theses characterizations are portrayed because of the realness of human nature. Fitzgerald uses contrasting morals and values of the characters to show the true disparity in human nature. Nick's characteristics are completely incompatible with Tom's. Since Nick has a strong foundation and is honest, he is thus very faithful. His faithfulness and loyalty is apparent when he attends and organizes Gatsby's funeral. On the other hand, Tom is unfaithful and dishonest. He is dishonest with Daisy and Myrtle. He also shows his unfaithfulness when he is not present at the birth of his daughter. In addition, Fitzgerald also uses Tom and Gatsby to show the sentimental disparity. Gatsby is a dreamer and a romantic man, who by following his dreams, went from rags to riches. He is proud of the fact that he has been able to accumulate his wealth independently, despite the fact that it is hinted that much of his money was earned illegally. Tom, on the other hand, is a realist and a straightforward man. He does not dream, as Gatsby does; he merely acts on his instincts. He has not earned his great wealth: he has inherited it. In spite of the fact, that all of the main characters in The Great Gatsby have very different personalities; they are however all affected by money. Some characters, like Gatsby and Tom Buchanan, have money, and are very expressive with it. Other characters, such as Myrtle, lust for money. Essentially being of the middle class, Myrtle's attraction to Tom is not based on love or affection. Rather, Tom represents something that Myrtle has never had : endless wealth; and with this Myrtle correlates happiness. Fitzgerald uses the lust for money in his novel because it is one thing that almost everybody in the world lusts for. He also tries to use the prejudices against rich as being flamboyant and superficial to create a contempt against Tom Buchanan and Daisy. However, these prejudices might have some truth or reality to them as Fitzgerald shows it in the end through Nick's judgment. Fitzgerald also adds a dash of reality to his novel when Gatsby doesn't achieve his dream of winning Daisy back from Tom. In this case, the strong, bullying character of Tom represents reality, and with his powerful nature he easily squashes any hopes that Gatsby may have of a relationship with Daisy. This shows that sometimes dreams don't come true, as opposed to the fairy tale version of " .... and they lived happily everafter". Although, Fitzgerald may despise all that the American dream stands for, he more importantly illustrates that it is not always easy to obtain it. The novel ends with the death of Gatsby. This may seem surprising to the reader, as Fitzgerald seems to have built Gatsby up as being one of the true heroes of the novel. However, Fitzgerald understands that reality is often very harsh to dreamers, a central quality in Gatsby's character. The death of Gatsby, and the unaffected life of Tom after both Gatsby's and Myrtle's death is testament to the fact that illusion is often shattered when confronted with reality. Rather than this fact detracting from Gatsby's character; the reader, however, supports the image of Gatsby all the more: a man who has died while in pursuit of something worthy. This alternative is far better than any other solutions. If Gatsby had not died, then he would have been desperate and desolute. In addition, Tom would have had the upper hand and would have only enlarged his own ego. Fitzgerald ends the novel with another reality. He shows that Gatsby's life had no worth if measured with how many real "friends" he had. In the end, Gatsby died without having the lust of his life. In the end, people who stuck by him where the ones that he used and abandoned. His friendship with Nick was only based on the fact that Nick was Daisy's cousin. He also abandoned his father and the family name for the lust for the money.

Free Essays on Religion In The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is about symbolism of the ages in which we lived. People and objects are symbolic of events and thoughts. Throughout the story Hawthorne uses Pearl, Dimmesdale, and Hester to signify Puritanism and Roman Catholic philosophies. Hester, through the eyes of the Puritans, is a massive sinner. She has gone against the Puritan ways and committed adultery. For this harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life. The symbol of a red letter â€Å"A†. The Roman Catholic philosophy of Hawthorne puts down the Puritan beliefs. She is a beautiful, young woman who has sinned but eventually is forgiven. Hawthorne portrays Hester as "divine maternity" and she can do no wrong. Not only Hester, but the physical scarlet letter (a Puritan sign of disownment) is shown through the author's tone as a piece of beauty. Pearl is Hester’s daughter. She is portrayed as a pure puritan, but only as a child of a sinner who should be treated as such. Ugly, evil, and ashamed of what her mother has brought upon her. One should notice that Hawthorne carefully, and sometimes not so subtly, places Pearl above the rest. She wears nice clothing, is intelligent, and is well rounded. More often than not, she shows her cynical wit and free thought. A trait of the Romans. One of Pearl's favorite pastimes is playing with flowers and trees. Remember that anything affiliated with the forest was evil to Puritans. To Hawthorne, however, the forest was a natural and peaceful setting. "And she was gentler here [the forest] than in the grassy-margined streets of the settlement, or in her mother's cottage. The flowers appeared to know it". (194) Pearl fit in with nature. Also, Pearl is always happy, which is a negative to the Puritans. Pearl is a virtual shouting match between the Puritans views and the Romantic ways. To most religions the most important members of a community are the religious leaders. But e... Free Essays on Religion In The Scarlet Letter Free Essays on Religion In The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is about symbolism of the ages in which we lived. People and objects are symbolic of events and thoughts. Throughout the story Hawthorne uses Pearl, Dimmesdale, and Hester to signify Puritanism and Roman Catholic philosophies. Hester, through the eyes of the Puritans, is a massive sinner. She has gone against the Puritan ways and committed adultery. For this harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life. The symbol of a red letter â€Å"A†. The Roman Catholic philosophy of Hawthorne puts down the Puritan beliefs. She is a beautiful, young woman who has sinned but eventually is forgiven. Hawthorne portrays Hester as "divine maternity" and she can do no wrong. Not only Hester, but the physical scarlet letter (a Puritan sign of disownment) is shown through the author's tone as a piece of beauty. Pearl is Hester’s daughter. She is portrayed as a pure puritan, but only as a child of a sinner who should be treated as such. Ugly, evil, and ashamed of what her mother has brought upon her. One should notice that Hawthorne carefully, and sometimes not so subtly, places Pearl above the rest. She wears nice clothing, is intelligent, and is well rounded. More often than not, she shows her cynical wit and free thought. A trait of the Romans. One of Pearl's favorite pastimes is playing with flowers and trees. Remember that anything affiliated with the forest was evil to Puritans. To Hawthorne, however, the forest was a natural and peaceful setting. "And she was gentler here [the forest] than in the grassy-margined streets of the settlement, or in her mother's cottage. The flowers appeared to know it". (194) Pearl fit in with nature. Also, Pearl is always happy, which is a negative to the Puritans. Pearl is a virtual shouting match between the Puritans views and the Romantic ways. To most religions the most important members of a community are the religious leaders. But e...

Case summary in operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case summary in operation management - Essay Example Oftentimes it is related to ecological resources. Ecological sustainability is referred to as the company’s ability to use natural resources at its current pace without depleting the resources or supply it depends upon (Miranda, Kay 2014). The company in our case uses pine wood, results of which, according to research conducted, cause abiotic depletion, global warming, ozone layer depletion and other environmental damages. Recommended actions are to reduce resources used, substitution of fireboard with plywood, design and others that would contribute to sustainability of supply because use of wood is not sustainable. Since sustainability is everybody else’s responsibility, industry must set the lead by instituting process changes or designs, and it devise plans to minimize wastes and disturb the eco-system. It has been suggested that businesses must not focus only on sales and profit, but should include in their agenda a partnership with community to improve its relationship. Community relations would attract customers, more future sales and quality life for future generations.(Miranda, Kay 2014) The study showed that thru research are eco-friendly ways were found that can address sustainability of supply. For instance they came up with a way to disassemble the box for further use and arrived at designs that decrease its dependence on forest woods. For me, sustainability should start with company practices that are related with existing resources and collaboration with suppliers, government and community. Sustainability operation is a long term solution most of which are geared to the future and long-term survival of business. It also needs the government, as the custodial of the environment; say for example, landfills and waste management. Factories throw way a lot of toxic wastes and a ruling from the government eliminates this

Animal diseases and how effect in human Thesis Proposal

Animal diseases and how effect in human - Thesis Proposal Example Basically, the growth of livestock production has resulted in the expansion of possibilities for the spread of disease. The methods of animal domestication, particularly the living and housing conditions of highly domesticated animals considerably create risks of exposure to disease-carrying organisms (Wyld 110). This thesis analyzes the current human health risks posed by the growing livestock industry, and the legal aspect of and solution to this problem. The risks of disease can be prevented or lessened with proper techniques of animal domestication. Unfortunately, management of animal resources is largely tied to sustaining or boosting efficiency or output. Before, cattleman could care for animals more thoroughly. Nowadays, the number of cattlemen is not just fewer, but they are also obliged to attend to massive numbers of domesticated animals as cost efficiently and productively as possible (Sapkota et al. 663). The decrease in the number of workforce in livestock farming alongside the escalating production of domesticated animals can result in poor hygiene and disease management which, consequently, may lead to the spread of communicable disease among the domesticated animals and perhaps even transmission to human beings in the immediate vicinity. There is also the possibility of diseased animal protein contaminating the food chain and threatening the health of human beings (Sapkota et al. 663-664). A particular disease control practice used in rigorous animal domestication is to recognize the commonness of disease or the chronic presence of viruses. Vaccinations and antibiotic medicines are hence regularly given in order to maintain the health and productivity of domesticated animals (Smith & Kelly 29). When disease epidemics take place, it may not be feasible to harvest stock because of the sheer size of the population of domesticated animals. Likewise, cattle houses may have been inadequately built and cannot be correctly or thoroughly sanitized, and

Development of American Society between the early seventeenth century Essay

Development of American Society between the early seventeenth century and the ratification of the American Constitution in 1787 - Essay Example time witnessed an original compact formed by the free and deliberate voices of the individuals disposed to unite in the same social bonds; thus exhibiting a political phenomenon unknown to former ages. James Madison (1789) During this period radical idealists in all spheres of the American society were very much determined to bringing about revolution changes; the cause they stood for infused meaning into their lives as the revolution was inclined on the notion that ‘the people’ governed, that ‘the people’ supplied government with its energy and direction, and that monarchical institutions were to be abolished since they were not owned and accountable to the people at the same time. Robert C. & Reval Siegel (2003) Madison was categorical in making the government work and he dedicated him in actualizing this dream. He instituted winning strategies that were pragmatic and passionately pursued the cause; he formed alliance with Jefferson though he was opposed to Hamilton. He also was the brainchild to the Republican Party, which earned him popularity by clinching the Presidency. All these well-documented stratagems are so difficult to reconcile this fact with the conservative anti-democrat. James Madison (1789) By 1780 through 1790 the historical world experienced a consistent array of constitutional crisis; controversies followed suit in a raw until the republican capsized beyond salvage. Financing the war detrimentally hampered, the fight over negotiating with Spain to open the Mississippi, the failure of the Articles of confederation, Shay’s Rebellion, Ratification, Hamilton’s plan for assumption and financing the debt etc resolves the stalemate election of 1800. Numerous scandals smeared the Republicans image, which led Jefferson to label them as ‘monocrats’. The idea that a citizen became a subject only during elections era was outrageous. Madison, Winthrop and Paine were frontiers of the American dream the American Revolution to eliminate

Factors Impacting UK Winter Wheat Crops

Factors Impacting UK Winter Wheat Crops Summary Wheat is one of the main important cereal crops in the world. Also as one of the essential and important agricultural products. Wheat is considered as a strategic product due to its significant role in political and economic areas in the countries. Loss of wheat may harm the economy in several aspects, including reduced production rates, increased need for imports and waste the inputs required for the production (Fallah and Rasouliazar, 2016). In the UK average yields of winter wheat have increased progressively from the 1950s to the present a rate of approximately 100 kg ha-1 yr-1. Until the late 1980s, the increase was attributed about half to plant breeding and the half to husbandry. (Shearman et al., 2005) Any action was taken to improve the quantity and quality of the wheat would be of great importance. Many factors came together for increasing yield of a winter wheat crop in the UK. Including plant establishment, rotation management, nutrient management, disease, pest and weed control, and soil management. Each factor can affect or limit yield performance. In this research, we investigate factors that influence winter wheat crops and which will improve yield performance. Introduction Cereal crops are a major staple food worldwide, contributing more than 50% of total human calorie input directly. In the last twenty years, the annual increment in the average yields of UK wheat and oilseed rape increased slightly. In the second half of the 20th-century cereal yields for example wheat, in the worldwide from 1 to 3 t haà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1and in the UK approximately less than three t haà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 increased (Fischer and Edmeades, 2010; Hawkesford et al., 2013. ) Wheat is one of the important cereal crops in the world. Wheat is special in several ways for instance in humans food, they are used to make flour for yeast bread, or are blended with soft spring wheat to make the all- purpose flour used in a wide variety of baked products and The highest grain yields are obtained with winter wheat. In this research, we investigate factors affecting winter wheat crops, and Evaluate of them can lead us to adjust management to achieve a greater yield. Crop Nutrition Each plant needs a different range of nutrients at every critical stage of its development. Cereal crops use nutrients for growth, progressively moving them from the roots and stems into the ear before the dying off and harvesting of the grain. For example, Phosphorus (P) is a vital component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which supplies the energy for many processes in the plant. Magnesium (Mg) is also a key component of leaf chlorophyll and the enzymes that support plant growth. Zinc and Boron directly influence the growth and yield of cereals and other crops, especially during flowering (Ghaffar et al., 2011). Wheat as an important source of minerals such as iron, zinc, copper and magnesium. The dietary intake of these nutrients have decreased significantly in recent years in the UK which corresponds with the introduction of semi-dwarf, high-yielding cultivars. (Ming-Sheng Fan et al., 2008) Semi-dwarf and high-yielding crop cultivars were responsible for increasing inputs of fertilisers and other agrochemicals which increased grain yield, however, increase in agronomic yield led to lower density of minerals in grain. The hypothesis of Davis et al indicated that decline in the nutrients in crops is because of changing in crops to varieties with improved yield. Ming-Sheng Fan et al, in the result of their experiments they also indicated that decreasing mineral concentrations in wheat grain are partly due to a dilution effect resulting from increased yield. It appears changing cultivars was affecting the mineral concentration. This change is further supported by (Flintham et al., 1997) that as a conclusion of the introduction of short-straw cultivars, HI (harvest index) increased, however mineral concentration significantly decreased in grain. The solution for helping minerals in grain is to add micronutrients. Supplementation, diversification of diet and bio-fortification of crops by agronomic or genetic methods such as plant breeding can increase the micronutrients; the genetic methods are considered to be the most efficient for resource-poor populations in developing countries (Graham et al., 1999; Bouis, 2002; Welch and Graham, 2004). In the germplasm of the main crops there is a sufficient genetic variation in micronutrient concentrations, which can be explored in breeding strategies to combine the high nutrient density with the high-yielding traits(Graham et al.,1999; Cakmak et al ., 2004) such as Triticum Oflococum, Triticum dicoccol, and Triticum dicoccoides (Cakmak et al.,1999a, 2000; Ortiz-Monasterio and Graham ,2000) Among wild wheat germplasm, the emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, showed the largest variation and the highest concentration of micronutrients (Cakmak et al., 2000). Crop rotation One of the most effective management methods to prevent the development of the large population of plant diseases is crop rotation. Crop rotation means the planned order of specific crops planted on the same field (Huber et al., 1965), for example soil-borne pathogens which cause soil-borne diseases that lead to reducing crop yields can be controlled with rotations with non-host crops. Also, rotation suppresses Take all disease, Cephaelosporium stripe, Cercosporella foot rot and Cercosporella herpotrichoides (Welch et al., 2004). However, this method is used for preventing and it cannot reduce the size of the population significantly, therefore it is better to view crop rotation as preventive rather than curative. Different crop rotations may have different effects on different pathogens, for instance Meloidogyne incognita were reduced by crops of crotalaria, marigold or bahiagrass while the population of Trichodorus christei were increased (Murphy et al.,1974), so it is vital to understand plant disease before planting crops. Crop Rotation benefits are = Maintains soil fertility. Reduces soil erosion. Controls pests, disease and weeds Reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals. There are two major limits for crop rotation, the first one is some pathogens have many host ranges so it may be difficult to identify them, for example Rhizoctonia solani .The second one is that non-host crops may have little monetary value, so the selection of crops to use for rotation may be small. (Battese and Fuller, 1972) and if crops rotation not chosen properly, have chances of competition between the crops for nutrients. Establishment management One of the most important factors that can provide the correct condition for both growing and crop establishment is tillage. Tillage is accomplished to optimise productivity by alleviating physical, chemical and biological constraints of soil (Gajri et al., 2002). Progressive tillage systems are developed to minimise cultivation costs and meet a range of variables such as soil or climate. It also improves the timeliness of planting which leads to an improved crop establishment. (Morris et al., 2010) In the UK, current tillage systems can be divided into two general categories; Inversion tillage, known as conventional plough tillage, and Conservation tillage, known as non-inversion tillage. Inversion tillage, inclusive of seed bed preparation by complete soil inversion, incorporates or buries most of the crop residue into the ground and consists of two processes: tillage and secondary tillage. Conservation tillage leaves the previous years crop residue (such as wheat) on fields before and after planting the next crop using the two processes of strip tillage and direct drilling to reduce soil degradation and achieve a sustainable balance between production (Carter et al., 2003a) (Davies and Finney,2002). No-till, known as direct drilling or zero tillage, is a conventional tillage system which sows directly in previous crops without any prior loosening of the soil cultivation. (Soane et al., 2012). Ploughing system is a farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil. Ploughing system can expose soil compacted at harvest, therefore when it is loosened by weather it increases mixing of nutrients which is beneficial. Ploughing reduces risk of crop disease, pests and weeds. In contrast, no-till increases area capability and reduces overall costs such as fuel and machinery (Soane et al., 2012). Other limited and benefit of ploughing and no-till present in table 1. Table1. Agronomic advantages and disadvantages of No-till and ploughing No-till Ploughing Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Reduce run-off, soil erosion and cost. Increase soil fertility. Increase area capability reduction of compaction below plough furrow Not suitable for controlling weeds, pest. Reduce grains yields. crop residue Remain on the soil surface Crop establishment problems during very wet and very dry. reduced nitrogen availability for yield Completely buries weeds and crop residue. Increase mixing of nutrients when loosened by weather Reduced weeds ,crop diseases and pest Suitable for preparing a seedbed after grass. High cost (fuel and machinery). Increased CO 2 emission. Extreme looseness to depth of ploughing. High sensitivity to re-compaction of topsoil. Pest management Crop plants are attacked by many pests that affect plant survival, growth, and reproduction and as a result influence crop yield. Approximately 22% of the total area of wheat in the UK is affected by slugs without pesticides, Calculated that total annual cost to the UK industry from not controlling slugs in oilseed rape and wheat is approximately  £43.5 million. (Nicholls, 2013). Pests can cause crop-damaging by reducing rates of germination, feeding on seeds, roots, stem and leaves which reduce yields. In crop growth stages, pests can reduce yield potential of the harvest and Reduces crops ability to compensate for damage caused later in development and cause harm to crops near their harvest by reduces yield and quality. (Oerke, 2006; Damalas and Eleftherohorinos, 2011) For example, two different aphid detriment in cereals crops in the UK because they transmit barley yellow dwarf luteovirus and Grain aphid Sitobion avenae. (Nicholls, 2013) Despite these commonly acknowledged risks, pesticides do improve agricultural productivity. Pesticides can be considered as an economic, labor-saving, and efficient tool for pest management and can do improve agricultural productivity (Campbell,1976), such as Acetamiprid , Azadirachtin , Bifenthrin , Carbaryl for controlling insects but these benefits often go unnoticed by the general public. Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural production hence, increasing amounts of pesticides must be applied at rising costs to maintain sufficient control. This increasing has led to integrated pest management (IPM) programs which reduce pest numbers to an acceptable threshold (Jain and Bhargava, 2007). Push-pull strategies were conceived as a strategy for insect pest management (IPM) by Pyke et al. The push-pull technology is a strategy for controlling agricultural pests by using propulsive (push) while luring them toward an attractive source (pull) plants and trap them. This method can maximise the efficacy of behavior-manipulating stimuli through the additive and synergistic effects of integrating their use. Also can reduce pesticide input (Cook et al., 2006). The other method that can effect on pests is no-till. It seems pest under no-till method decreases dramatically because of increased numbers of predators. For example, it reduces springtails (Onychiurus spp.) that cause damage in shoot and root of the sugar beet (Soane et al., 2012).However, the preservation of crop residues in wet conditions tends to increase slug population, and this can lead to damage to young seedlings in winter-sown Wheat and barley (Jordan et al., 1997).Using molluscicides may control slug population, but it will still increase production costs and affect beneficial soil biota (abid.) Soil management Soil is the product of a complex set of interacting processes and cycles (Fitzpatrick, 1991) Plants need a network of pore spaces to assistance gas exchange such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. Also water movement and nutrient uptake. Over time if the soil environment under intensive agricultural production was disturbed, the ability of the soil to maintain these conditions is compromised (Gerrard, 2000). So Preservation and improvement of soil quality are important in agricultural productivity and environmental quality. Soil management practice which consideration all operations practices, and treatments used to protect the soil organic matter, soil structure, and the maintenance of a thriving soil microbial population. (Johnston and Fellow, 2005) In central Great Plains, soil erosion and drought are the main problems associated with grain production. No- till is a good system for reducing soil erosion and maximise soil water conservation. (Fenster and Peterson, 1979) In the UK using no-till after ploughing led to lower yields because of imperfect drainage and weak structure of soils during wet winter however all over the UK, good internal drainage was considered a pre-requisite for reliable success with no-till as discovered in the Germany (Ehlers and Claupein, 1994). No-till, can also increase biological activity such as earthworms and improve stable root channels this can develop greater water permeability (Soane et al., 2012). Under no-till, it seems, soil nutrients such as P and K increased dramatically near soil surface because of this microbiological activity. (Ehlers and Claupein, 1994). Also no-till it seems not suitable for sandy or drained soils. In Netherland, under the sandy soil, no-till decreased root penetration and yield such as root crop (Soane et al., 2012). Weeds Management Weeds have many attributes undesirable to crop producers and cause the adverse effect on their yield. There are limited reports on the inhibitory effects of weeds on crop plants (Bhowmik Doll, 1992).Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal in the world. It has been estimated that globally yield reduction in wheat due to weeds is 13.1% (Oerke et al., 1994). Weeds compete with the crop plants for sunlight, water, mineral nutrients and occupying a space, which would reduce the plant growth and this led to reducing crop yields, quality and harvesting efficiency. (Wright et al., 2001) Water requirement for the growth of weeds is primarily of interest from the standpoint of competition with the crop plant for the available moisture (Gibson, 2000). Weeds provide a host for insects, nematodes and certain plant pathogens such as fungi. For instance Fusarium species pathogenic to winter wheat have been isolated from common broad-leaved weeds. (Jenkinson Parry, 1994). Weed management strategies attempt to eliminate or limit the deleterious effects of weeds when growing with crop plants and decrease weeds ability to reduce yield. (Hager et al., 2003) The basic of all Weed control methods is prevention. In few years the concept of prevention is not relevant anymore because of the availability of effective herbicides and mechanical control measures. These controlling tools have led to control weeds even after they have become established. (Walker 1995). Herbicides may influence disease development via direct effects on the pathogens (Rodriguez-Kabana et al. 1966) or by altering plant resistance to pathogens (Dann et al. 1999; Levene et al. 1998) for example Broad-leaved weeds in winter wheat can be controlled by herbicides applied before or after wheat emergence in autumn or in spring. In Table 2 we mentioned a few Common herbicides used to control weeds In recent years using Herbicides for controlling weed decreased because using herbicides may damage the crop. Also can get mixed with air, water and soil and kill other unwanted plant pests.So we must use other methods for controlling weeds without much dependence on chemicals like fertilisers and herbicides which have unpredictable harmful effects on the environment and human health. ( Varshney et al., 2012) Crop rotation is often identified as a valuable component of weed management for example Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) density remained relatively constant when winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was rotated with oilseed rape (Blackshaw 1994a). (Abid.) A cover crop is another method for managing weeds. They contribute organic matter to the soil, improve soil structure, and they can suppress weeds. Cover crops could permit reduction of herbicide inputs and a shift toward entire post-emergence herbicide programs for many crops. The early weed suppression provided by cover crop residue allow plants to become established before weed emergence. (Upadhyaya, and Blackshaw 2007) Table 2. Common herbicides used to control weeds. Herbicide Mode of action Weeds controlled Versatil Simazine Buster Terbuthylazine Absorbed by leaves, stems and roots. Absorbed only through roots of germinating plants Systemic contact herbicide (via the leaf) Absorbed through roots and leaves Controls thistles, yarrow, clovers and many difficult flat weeds Prevents the emergence of a wide range of grasses and weeds. Broadleaved weeds and clovers. Provides short-term weed control Controls a wide range of annual and perennial grasses and weeds Disease management Wheat, its an important food resource which approximately contains 40% of the worlds population (Bockus, et al., 2010) annually global yield losses because of wheat diseases are estimated to be 20% in the field or the storage. (Abid.) The disease can terminate entire trees in orchards or plantations Such as Phytophthora root or collar rot, and some can destroy before or after harvested product. For instance, the smuts, which destroy before or after the harvesting the cereal grains (all postharvest rots of fruits and vegetables) (James, 1974) Each year in the UK the percentage of yield decreases because of disease diverse. The highest yield loss was between 1991, 1993 and 1998, and lowest was in 1995.Eyespot compared to other diseases caused greater yield losses. The second most significant disease was Powdery mildew in seven of the ten years but in 1990 demonstrate the greater losses than any other illness. The national economic impact of these yield losses varied depending on annual production figures and the price per tonne. (Hardwick et al., 2001) Each of these can infect wheat and cause disease throughout the growing season. It is important to deliver consistently, high yields of high-quality grain thus controlling of cereal diseases is an important component of successful crop management. Recognition of the disease and an understanding of the pathogens purpose are the first step for a successful disease control. Therefore disease management is necessary. Many strategies, tactics and techniques in disease management used in advanced (prevention) which applied before infection for protecting plant from disease and after infection controlled by heat or chemical treatment as bulbs, corms and fungicide (OC Maloy ,2005) Plant disease management is a factor that has positive and negative externalities on the yield. The adverse effect includes environmental pollution; toxin remains in the soil, ecological damage, resource depletion, reduced disease management efficiency and costs associated with meeting minimum chemical residues on crop harvest. And positive effects can benefits to disease management in neighbouring farms, can reduce evolutionary potential of pathogens, and ensure social stability and safety (HE et al., 2016) Farmers only pay the direct costs associated with plant disease management; they strongly select strategies that generate the best immediate economic returns while largely discounting potential negative impacts on the environment. To date, some highly effective disease management strategies have been used without sufficient regard to their long-term ecological effects such as Fungicide. Fungicide was used on more than 93% of crops throughout the word for about ten years. In 1996 and 1998, fungicide usage reached 98%.it seems farmers do not value disease resistance but apply fungicides widely. Disease-induced losses are still substantial, despite the heavy reliance on fungicides (Stevens et al., 1997). During the 10-year using Fungicide has increased but so have septoria leaf blotch and eyespot. It has been suggested that national disease levels and yield losses were influenced more by season than fungicide usage. (Hardwick et al. 2000). Priestley Bayles (1980)found, from a postal survey of NIAB Fellows, that disease was seen more frequently in fungicide-treated (such as benomyl, carbendazim) than in untreated fields. Cook King (1984) indicated that final disease levels were often similar in treated and untreated crops. For improving yield, it would be better for plant disease management to focus on increasing crop productivity, using fewer fungicides, reducing food contamination by microbial toxins, Change the philosophy of plant disease management to focus on pathogens (or insect vectors) to managing host plants for achieving high productivity yield and Considerations in agricultural productivity and crop health. (Problems, challenges and future of plant disease management: from an ecological point of view) It is preferred that Plant disease management not only considers about biodegradable principles to reduce disease epidemics over plants practices it may also discuss how the strategies may impact on agricultural and ecological sustainability (HE et al., 2016). References Battese, G. E. and Fuller, W. A. 1972. Determination of economic optima from crop-rotation experiments. Biometrics, pp. 781-792. Bhowmik, P. and Doll, J. 1982. Corn and soybean response to allelopathic effects of weed and crop residues. Agronomy Journal, 74 (4), pp. 601-606. Bockus, W. W., Bowden, R., Hunger, R., Murray, T. and Smiley, R. 2010. Compendium of wheat diseases and pests. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press). Bouis, H. E. 2002. Plant breeding: A new tool for fighting micronutrient malnutrition. The Journal of Nutrition, 132 (3), pp. 491S-494S. Cakmak, I., Ozkan, H., Braun, H., Welch, R. and Romheld, V. 2000. Zinc and iron concentrations in seeds of wild, primitive, and modern wheats. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 21 (4), pp. 401-403. Cakmak, I., Tolay, I., Ozdemir, A., Ozkan, H., Ozturk, L. and Kling, C. 1999. Differences in zinc efficiency among and within diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Annals of Botany, 84 (2), pp. 163-171. Çakmak, Ä °., Torun, A., Millet, E., Feldman, M., Fahima, T., Korol, A., Nevo, E., Braun, H. and ÃÆ'-zkan, H. 2004. Triticum dicoccoides: An important genetic resource for increasing zinc and iron concentration in modern cultivated wheat. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50 (7), pp. 1047-1054. Campbell, H. F. 1976. Estimating the marginal productivity of agricultural pesticides: The case of Treeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Fruit farms in the okanagan valley. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne dAgroeconomie, 24 (2), pp. 23-30. Carter, A., Jordan, V. and Stride, C. 2003. A guide to managing crop establishment. Soil Management Initiative, Chester, Cook, R., King, J. and Jellis, G. 1984. Loss caused by cereal diseases and the economics of fungicidal control. Plant diseases: Infection, damage and loss. Cook, S. M., Khan, Z. R. and Pickett, J. A. 2006. The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management. Annual Review of Entomology, 52 (1), pp. 375. Damalas, C. A. and Eleftherohorinos, I. G. 2011. Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8 (5), pp. 1402-1419. Davies, D. B. and Finney, J. B. 2002. Reduced cultivations for cereals: Research, development and advisory needs under changing economic circumstances. Home Grown Cereals Authority. Davis, D. R., Epp, M. D. and Riordan, H. D. 2004. Changes in USDA food composition data for 43 garden crops, 1950 to 1999. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23 (6), pp. 669-682. Ehlers, W., Claupein, W. and Carter, M. 1994. Approaches toward conservation tillage in germany. Conservation Tillage in Temperate Agroecosystems. pp. 141-165. Fallah, S. and Rasouliazar, S. 2016. Prioritizing the factors affecting the wheat losses from the perspective of wheat farmers of mahabad city. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 4 (1 (s)), pp. pp. 1638-1650. Fan, M., Zhao, F., Fairweather-Tait, S. J., Poulton, P. R., Dunham, S. J. and McGrath, S. P. 2008. Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 22 (4), pp. 315-324. Fenster, C. and Peterson, G. 1979. Effects of no-tillage fallow as compared to conventional tillage in a wheat-fallow system. Research Bulletin-Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Nebraska.Nebraska.Agricultural Experiment Station (USA), Fischer, R. and Edmeades, G. O. 2010. Breeding and cereal yield progress. Crop Science, 50 (Supplement_1), pp. S-85-S-98. FitzPatrick, E. A. 1978. An introduction to soil science. Soil Science, 125 (4), pp. 271. Flintham, J., Bà ¶rner, A., Worland, A. and Gale, M. 1997. Optimizing wheat grain yield: Effects of rht (gibberellin-insensitive) dwarfing genes. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 128 (01), pp. 11-25. Fry, W. E. 2012. Principles of plant disease management. Academic Press. Gajri, P., Arora, V. K. and Prihar, S. S. 2002. Tillage for sustainable cropping. Food Products Press. Gerrard, J. 2000. Fundamentals of soils routledge. Ghaffar, A., Ehsanullah, N. A. and Khan, S. H. 2011. Influence of zinc and iron on yield and quality of sugarcane planted under various trench spacings. Pak.J.Agri.Sci, 48 (1), pp. 25-33. Gibson, L. 2000. Plant competition. Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Graham, R., Senadhira, D., Beebe, S., Iglesias, C. and Monasterio, I. 1999. Breeding for micronutrient density in edible portions of staple food crops: Conventional approaches. Field Crops Research, 60 (1), pp. 57-80. Hager, A. G., Wax, L. M., Bollero, G. A. and Stoller, E. W. 2003. Influence of diphenylether herbicide application rate and timing on common waterhemp (amaranthus rudis) control in soybean (glycine max) 1. Weed Technology, 17 (1), pp. 14-20. Hardwick, N., Jones, D. and Slough, J. 2001. Factors affecting diseases of winter wheat in england and wales, 1989-98. Plant Pathology, 50 (4), pp. 453-462. Hardwick, N., Slough, J. and Jones, D. 2000. The BCPC conference: Pests and diseases, volume 2. Proceedings of an international conference held at the brighton hilton metropole hotel, brighton, UK, 13-16 november 2000.British Crop Protection Council. Hawkesford, M. J., Araus, J., Park, R., Calderini, D., Miralles, D., Shen, T., Zhang, J. and Parry, M. A. 2013. Prospects of doubling global wheat yields. Food and Energy Security, 2 (1), pp. 34-48. HE, D., ZHAN, J. and XIE, L. 2016. Problems, challenges and future of plant disease management: From an ecological point of view. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15 (4), pp. 705-715. Huber, D., Watson, R. and Steiner, G. 1965. Crop residues, nitrogen, and plant disease. Soil Science, 100 (5), pp. 302-308. Jain, P. and Bhargava, M. 2007. Entomology: Novel approaches. New India Publishing. James, W. C. 1974. Assessment of plant diseases and losses. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 12 (1), pp. 27-48. Jenkinson, n. P. and Parry, D. 1994. Isolation of fusarium species from common broad-leaved weeds and their pathogenicity to winter wheat. Mycological Research, 98 (7), pp. 776-780. Johnston, J. and Fellow, L. T. S. 2005. Assessing soil fertility: The importance of soil analysis and its interpretation. Potash Development Association. Jordan, V., Hutcheon, J. and Kendall, D. 1997. Influence of cultivation practices on arable crop pests, diseases and weeds and their control requirements. Experience with the Applicability of Notillage Crop Production in the West-European Countries, pp. 43-50. Maloy, O. 2005. Plant Disease Management.the Plant Health Instructor DOI: 10.1094, Monasterio, I. and Graham, R. D. 2000. Breeding for trace minerals in wheat. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 21 (4), pp. 392-396. Morris, N., Miller, P., Orson, J. and Froud-Williams, R. 2010. The adoption of non-inversion tillage systems in the United Kingdom and the agronomic impact on soil, crops and the environment-A review. Soil and Tillage Research, 108 (1), pp. 1-15. Murphy, W. S., Brodie, B. B. and Good, J. M. 1974. Population dynamics of plant nematodes in cultivated soil: Effects of combinations of cropping systems and nematicides. Journal of Nematology, 6 (3), pp. 103-107. Nicholls, C. J. 2013. Research review no. 77. Implications of the Restriction on the Neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid, Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam on Crop Protection in Oilseeds and Cereals in the UK.HGCA, Nicholls, C. J. 2013. Research review no. 77. Implications of the Restriction on the Neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid, Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam on Crop Protection in Oilseeds and Cereals in the UK.HGCA, Oerke, E. 2006. Crop losses to pests. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 144 (01), pp. 31-43. Oerke, E. and Dehne, H. 2004. Safeguarding production-losses in major crops and the role of crop protection. Crop

Montaigne :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the greatest renaissance thinkers Montaigne Often took himself as the object of study in his Essays. While using himself he attempted to weigh mankind and Asses his nature, habits and his own opinions and those of others. He was searching for truth by reflecting on his readings, travels, and experiences both public and private. His writing style is light and un-technical. He was also a great example of a renaissance skeptic and fiedism. Fiedism is a strategy, which uses skepticism in order to clear ground for Catholicism. Probably one of the greatest examples would be His Apology for Raymond Sebond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a young child he had a german tutor, who spoke to him in latin only. When he was six and a half he was sent to the College of Guyenne at Bordeux, where he stayed for seven years. It is believed that he studied logic and dialects for two years at the Bordeaux Faculty of Arts, with Marc-de Muret as tutor. Then he studied law possibly at Boreoux. Then he became a counselor at the Cour des Aides of Perigord he was soon incorporated like his colleagues in the parliament of Bordeaux. The new councellor had no likeing for his proffessin, and he was often absent from the Parlement. From 1553 to 1561 he attended the court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two years later he married Francois de la chassaigne, the daughter of parliamentary advocate. They had five daughters only one out lived him. In 1571 he went on a journey where he started writing his essays. When he came back there was letter for him to become mayor, which he accepted and held for four years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Montage tries to humble mans pride â€Å"There is a plague on man, the opinion that he knows something† This skepticism is connected with the doctrine of Christian â€Å"folly† which say god s wisdom is to b found in the lowly and meek and that the belief that one has knowledge prevents one from accepting the truths of religion. He argues that man is inferior to beast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his Apology for Raymond Sebond   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The renaissance was a period of expanding horizons and one in which there was a large increase in knowledge of the world and its inhabitants.

Dbq Essay Crickets and Politics

The relationship between cricket and politics is clearly portrayed in South Asia from 1880 to 2005 through the easing of the tension between different caste members, although the tension eased was not always from a religious aspect between the Pakistanis, Indians, and the British. The different problems that arose in South Asia was mostly class or caste systems (Docs 2, 3, 4), rivalry (Docs 1, 6, 10), and religious tensions (Docs 5, 7, 8, 9) against the different countries and cricket teams. Cricket in many ways was a unifying force for the different classes in India as well as the relationship between Britain and India.As seen in Document 2, an Indian cricketer was invited to â€Å"†¦ join the Sussex team,† which was a team from England. This shows some equality between the British and the Indians because the British typically saw the Indians as lower than them in standards. However, this paper could have left some things out and used as a source of propaganda seeing tha t it was published by a British newspaper. (POV) This connection between the British and the Indians can also be seen in Document 3 because in the opinion of an English cricketer and historian, he felt that â€Å"Cricket unites the rulers and the ruled. The ruler in this case was Britain and the ruled was India. Cricket was said to be one of the most â€Å"†¦ civilizing influences,† and the one that did â€Å"†¦ least harm,† because rather than making the Indians grief over the fact that they were not an independent country, they gave them the sport of cricket, a source of happiness, moral training, and more. A sense of equality can be seen in Document 4 between the different castes in India. A lower caste Hindu was allowed to be on a team just because he was good at cricket.The other team members took him into the team and ignored the fact that they weren’t from the same caste. This is a very important example of unity because in history, different c aste systems were never allowed to mix. For example, a lower caste woman could not marry a higher caste man. Accepting a lower caste Hindu in a higher caste cricket team is a turn in history. Even though cricket was a very uniting force, it was also the cause of rivalry throughout India. Cricket was a sport brought to India by the British and the Indians were pretty grateful towards the British for bringing cricket.However, what they were not grateful for was the fact that the English would play polo on cricket grounds, as said in Document 1. Document 1 states that â€Å"†¦ more than five hundred young men of all ages and of all castes pursue this healthful sport on the Parade ground where alone they are permitted to play and which is the only ground suitable for cricket. † The Indians were arguing to the governor of the province of Bombay, India that the English were ruining the turf that they were playing cricket on by playing polo. They requested that the English shou ld play somewhere else and not on their turf.Furthermore, shown in Document 6, the Indians felt that when they â€Å"†¦ defeated the European teams of Calcutta†¦ ,† that it was the only time they were playing on the same level as the English. Fair and square. Usually, the British would have the authority potential wise, but the game of cricket evened it all out because when you play a sport, you can’t win by support, but by skill. Document 10 showed another example of rivalry. The chairman feels that Cricket is a sport that can bring people together and makes people ignore the fact that there are problems with water and etc.However, he’s not one to say these things. Cricket has brought Indians and Pakistanis together in so many ways, just like the chairman said, â€Å"We share culture. We share a history. We share so much. † Lastly, cricket played an important role in the religious tensions between the Indians and Pakistanis or the Hindus and Mu slims. Muhammad Ali Jinnah said in Document 5 that he hopes that the game of cricket teaches the different religious sides to unite and not fight about who won the game or lost the game. He believes that cricket â€Å"†¦ has many lessons to teach in other walks of life. This showed that although the religious tension was so great that they had to make two different countries for each religious side, they could still embrace the fact that they both share a common interest, cricket. In Document 7, an editorial in the Indian sports journal, they said that the purpose of the Quadrangular Tournament, a big cricket competition, has changed over the years due to some â€Å"†¦ self-seeking leaders,† who wanted to gain ends by stirring up religious fanaticism. They have turned the sport of cricket into a sport of religious rivalry.However, this editorial still agrees with the fact that cricket â€Å"†¦ did not harm. † This was an â€Å"editorial† so this article must have been very biased in their opinions on this subject. Having opinions in an article is a very powerful force because some opinions can move people and change their thoughts and ideas about something into something different. (POV) Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement and the voice of Document 8 also agrees with Document 7. Gandhi believes that having the Tournaments between religions is ridiculous.He says that if the Tournaments were between colleges and institutions, he could understand, but to have the Tournaments be between Hindu, Parsi, Muslim, and other religious teams is not understandable. Segregating teams by religion gave no way for competition to stir up. The game just became more of a religious movement. Document 9 shows a clear sense obvious religious tension. The Hindus feel that they are the superior religion and when the Hindus lose a game of cricket, the Muslims should not be celebrating but mourning for the Hindus’ l oss.I feel that this is very biased because it was written by the founder of a Hindu nationalist organization and it is a very selfish statement as well. Cricket should be a fair game and each side has their own choice of mourning or celebrating. The Hindus should not have to be the judge on who can celebrate and who can be sad. (POV) I feel that it would be helpful if there were two extra documents explaining the cricket and politics connection even more in depth.One of the documents should be from a lower- caste cricket player and the other one should be from a higher-caste cricket player because most of the documents given were from a high status point of view. They were all newspapers, organizations, or high-class leaders. Giving the input from a lower-caste would give us an input on how they felt about the whole class situation in cricket. Did they think it was fair? Did they feel as if they were being treated equally or were they still looked down upon? The other document from the higher-caste cricket player would give insight on how they felt about the lower-caste playing on their teams.How did they feel about it? Do they feel like they betrayed their caste system or was it still the same? In conclusion, cricket was not only a unifying sport between Indians-Pakistanis and Indians-British, it was also a sport that caused some rivalry and religious tensions. All sides had equal chance in winning the sport and for once, the British wouldn’t have to start at the top, which gave the Indians a sense of nationalism and independence in a way. Cricket gave these sides a different way of expressing their rivalry between each other instead of bloodshed.

Is Zero Tolerance Realistic essays

Is Zero Tolerance Realistic essays A topic of importance that has been in the news recently is whether zero tolerance is needed in schools. Students are able to get expelled for smoking cigarettes to carrying weapons. Many times the crimes that the students are expelled for are not serious enough to warrant the punishment. Other people feel that unless some method of discipline is imposed upon the children they will continue to behave in the exact same manner. I feel that zero tolerance is an extreme method of punishment that is not needed for many of the times that it is used and can cause students not to return to school, commit crimes, and doesnt give them the chance to change. In a recent topic of interest in the news, the Rev. Jesse Jackson was arrested for protesting the expulsion of six high school students for fighting at a football game with the seventh student leaving voluntarily. I think that expulsion in this case is the wrong plan of action because more than one of those seven students will more than likely never return to school. After a student has been out of school for a long period of time it is hard for them to return. They receive no follow-up education because alternative education costs too much. Where does that leave the students? These students have no place to go but to the street. More than 80% of students expelled from school never return and 90% of the inmates in jails and prisons never graduated from high school (Jackson 3). These percentages help prove that zero tolerance is not always the best policy. By removing those children from a controlled environment where they are watched and taught, the school board has now pla ced an uneducated child on the street where his only teachers are criminals. They are left to fend for themselves in a world that is not nice to uneducated people. People, without a degree of some kind, have a difficult time acquiring a decent job that pay ...

WindsorChair essays

WindsorChair essays In the Abernathy Room of Starr Library are a half dozen sack-back style Windsor Chairs. The sack-back name comes from the original tendency to cover the back of this chair with a sack to prevent winter breezes from penetrating through the spindles. These chairs are not originals but are reproductions of chairs originally made in America circa 1760 under the Queen Anne period of design. Under the seat of the reproduction is a label that provides no information but the name of the production company. This chair has 17 total spindles on the lower back. The two spindles nearest the hand rests have been worked on the lathe and include vase and bulb motifs. These spindles are toped or met by the first rail, which runs in a U-shape around the seat of the chair. This rail is approximately one inch thick, with the exception of the armrests that are nearer to three inches wide. The meeting of the armrest and the rest of the rail is done in a very simple rounded edge without heavy decoration. The ends of the armrests are designed with carved knuckles. The crest piece is arched and supported by nine spindles that run directly through the armrest from the seat. The spindles do not pierce the crest, but are attached in drilled holes. This piece is decorated with a shallowly carved oval running parallel along the entire arch. The seat is a horseshoe shape with a contoured surface designed for comfort. The seat piece is approximately one and a half inches thick with rounded edges. Each of the fifteen spindles is fitted into its drilled hole and glued in place. The legs of the chair are all shaped in the same pattern. They have been turned with a similar vase and bulb style as the two decorated spindles from the armrests. The spindles used in the stretchers are of a different design than the legs. These spindles are designed symmetrically with a lozenge shaped middle and two bulbs at each end. The two front legs extend at...

Final exam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final exam - Term Paper Example They can work for an unlimited number of years allowing them to refrain from political pressure. Moreover, the constitution prohibits slashing of judges’ salaries implying that neither the executive nor the legislature can threaten to demote these judges. Although the American constitution binds all courts, the judicial branch has the authority to construe the law. Courts are dependable for making the eventual choice regarding the law. Additionally, the judicial branch has the authority to consider all actions of the executive and legislative branch and deem any action that breaches the constitution as void (Zelden, 2007). Therefore, the judicial branch enjoys power called judicial review and uses it sparingly. The role of the executive branch is enforcing the law, with the president being the head (Neubauer, 2011). The president must swear to protect the country’s constitution before taking office. This branch comprises of the president and all other individuals that f all within the president’s purview such as appointees and administrative agencies. However, the president can neither establish legislation nor intrude the legislative branch. The legislative branch makes the country’s laws. Moreover, the American congress vests all legislative powers and comprises of a senate and House of Representatives (Little& Ogle, 2006). Apparently, the congress’ role within the government is legislation. Additionally, statutes refer to laws enacted by the congress. Apparently, the American constitution grants the congress the authority to make laws. Question 2: Theories behind administrative agencies Administrative agencies undertake diverse government functions such as making rules (Beermann, 2010). Regulations refer to rules made by the named agencies and assist in monitoring the activities of individuals governed by the agency and agency’s employees. Another function of these regulations is ensuring consistent law application. O ne theory behind administrative agencies is collective action theory. Apparently, this theory seeks to comprehend how individual groups have the ability to cooperate, with an intention of overcoming social dilemmas and assumes self-interest as the default position. A behavioral technique to joint action initiates with this argument; individuals have evolved the ability to learn cooperation standards and social regulations that have enhanced group success. Apparently, individual actions depend largely on social context. An example to illustrate this theory is organizing a demonstration because it entails considerable collective action. Therefore, administrative agencies enact regulations that they deem as the legislative intent The free market theory stipulates that in an unregulated environment, supply and demand naturally attain equilibrium, thereby achieving maximum social good. Generally, this theory implies that despite existence of misunderstandings amid two parties, they will still reach a compromise. An example to illustrate this theory is conflict resolution. Apparently, for both parties to reach a common understanding, both parties need to give their verdict regarding the issue. Similarly, administrative agencies propose regulations and allow interested parties to give their verdict. The fairness and redistribution theory advocates for fair justice to all individuals. It says that individuals advocate for fair rights and equivalent distribution of benefits. An example to il

Cellular pathology(critical review of topical paper) Essay

Cellular pathology(critical review of topical paper) - Essay Example Based on the cellularity and atypia, 3 categories of histopathology were formed and compared. There were differences in tumor categorization between histopathological studies and cytological studies and these differences in numbers made the researchers conclude that cytological identification of metaplastic carcinoma of breast is not a reliable method. The hypothesis is unclear and the paper lacks key words, coherent language, a crisp abstract , a good flow, subheadings and link to others’ work. There is no mention of confounding factors and how they were taken care of. The introduction could have been more educative. There is no mention of limitations of the study. The results of the study were presented in the form of chart. The cellularity of the FNAC numbers was described as low, moderate and severe. The cut off point of the number of cells which can be categorized into each one of these has not been described. Also, many specimens (as many as 10) have been categorized as having mixed components. These have been allocated a tumor- group only based on the type of cells seen and in many, the numbers of cells are actually even low to categorize to a cancer-type. In as many as 6 cases, the types of cells are actually suspicious. Keeping these limitations in mind, there arise many doubts whether the basis on which classification done is reliable. However, this study is a good attempt to explore a simple means of detecting this rare cancer and provides the patient with alternate option to surgery. Lui, P.C.W., Tse, G.M.K., Tan, P.H., et al. (2006). Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Pathol., Retrieved on 27th Feb, 2009 from